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(narrator) To Germany,
after defeat in the First World War,
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00:00:39,160 --> 00:00:44,800
came ruinous inflation, massive
unemployment, political disorder.
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00:00:47,240 --> 00:00:51,120
By 1932,
one man in three was out of work.
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00:00:51,200 --> 00:00:53,200
(speaking German)
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(translator) I remember at the bottom
of our street every day were workers.
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00:01:05,600 --> 00:01:09,120
I mean, they weren't workers
because they were out of work.
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00:01:11,120 --> 00:01:14,720
They'd go to the labour exchange
and collect their unemployment pay.
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00:01:23,400 --> 00:01:27,520
And it was a gloomy, grey,
forlorn army, you could almost say,
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00:01:27,600 --> 00:01:31,400
of people who went there each day and
then came back again just as miserable
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00:01:31,480 --> 00:01:34,360
because they never found any work.
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These are childhood impressions
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that have stayed in my memory
to this day,
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that are still very real to me.
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I think in 1930 or 1929,
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I don't remember,
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we went to Berlin and we took a taxi
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and arrived at a shop
or at another house
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and a man,
nice-looking but very poor-looking
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opened the door of the taxi,
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was very polite and helped my mother
with the parcels and so on,
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so she gave him two marks.
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And he looked at it and said,
“I think it's an error.”
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“You gave me two marks.”
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And she said,
“No, it's fine. Keep it.”
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So he started… he wept
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and said,
“It's such an amount of money,
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I really can't understand
how you are able to give this to me.”
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“Now I can sleep
and buy something to eat.”
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(woman) Every weekend,
I remember very well,
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the political marches
took place in Hamburg
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and the Nazis used to march
through the communist districts.
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The communists then answered
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00:02:47,160 --> 00:02:49,440
by coming
into the other parts of the town
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00:02:49,520 --> 00:02:54,600
and there were fights and deaths,
shootings, practically every weekend.
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And so the political situation
was, I think,
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very much so
that people wished for something,
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some strong man
who would clean up the place.
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I think that was the beginning of…
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“We've got to get out
of what we're in.”
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“Anything is better than this
situation we're in at the moment.”
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I heard about Hitler's coming to power
in Berlin.
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I was at that time in Berlin,
studying in the university,
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and in the morning of January 30
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we got the news
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and nobody went to the lectures
any more.
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People went out of the university
and listened
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and I bought newspapers and so on.
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Well, I knew
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that a new period of German history
was just beginning
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and, as I thought,
a very dangerous period.
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(band plays march)
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00:04:18,920 --> 00:04:21,440
(narrator) When Hitler
was named Chancellor,
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his followers were astonished
by how smoothly it happened.
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His Stormtroopers,
the uniformed men of violence,
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were expecting a bloody struggle,
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not a polite invitation
to form a government.
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Now that Hitler was in office,
they meant to revolutionise Germany.
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February 10, 1933.
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The new regime's first public rally
was held in the Berlin Sportpalast.
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00:04:52,120 --> 00:04:54,880
(crowd chanting)
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National Socialists were a minority
in the new cabinet.
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00:04:59,960 --> 00:05:03,200
The first speaker, Dr Goebbels,
was not even in the government.
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(translation) The National Socialist
Movement will now show you
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how you really should have done this.
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(cheering and applause)
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00:05:36,160 --> 00:05:38,560
(cheering and applause)
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00:06:06,560 --> 00:06:07,760
(cheering)
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00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:17,520
(van Kleist) Because in '33 many people
did not know what would happen,
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and there were some
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who were very critical
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00:06:23,320 --> 00:06:25,960
but there was also a great number
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who were quite hopeful
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and expected that the new government
would do something good.
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So I would say a great majority
hoped that it would become better
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than it had been in the past.
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This actually is one of the reasons
why they came to power.
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(narrator) Adolf Hitler then spoke.
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He was 43 years old, the youngest
chancellor in German history.
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(cheering)
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00:06:59,080 --> 00:07:01,080
(speaking German)
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00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:23,960
(narrator) In the audience,
some of the 400,000 Stormtroopers,
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00:08:24,040 --> 00:08:27,440
brutal, ill-disciplined
street fighters,
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00:08:27,520 --> 00:08:30,560
Jew-baiting, communist-hating,
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00:08:30,640 --> 00:08:33,640
scornful of the idle rich
and the middle classes,
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00:08:33,720 --> 00:08:37,000
seething with anger
against their enemies.
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But Hitler had other supporters too.
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(cheering)
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(speaking German)
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(translator) I saw how,
particularly in bourgeois circles,
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particularly among the middle classes,
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00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:03,200
hope was placed on this man Hitler,
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00:09:03,280 --> 00:09:07,200
who had indeed promised to lead
Germany to a new position of respect.
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In short, he would deliver us from
all the evils that had befallen us.
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00:09:15,200 --> 00:09:19,800
(translation) …in our living space
and beyond the borders
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and shout from our hearts:
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(band playing / crowd singing)
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00:09:49,120 --> 00:09:54,120
(narrator) No one knew how to end it
or when to salute…
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00:10:02,760 --> 00:10:05,200
…but the rally was over.
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(speaking German)
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(translator) It seemed to be
the only hope at that time,
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in the middle of a world which knew
nothing but emergency decrees,
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00:10:12,960 --> 00:10:15,240
unemployment, despair.
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00:10:18,840 --> 00:10:21,040
(narrator) February 28, 1933.
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00:10:21,120 --> 00:10:24,680
Berliners gathered to look at the ruins
of the Parliament building,
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00:10:24,760 --> 00:10:26,560
the Reichstag,
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00:10:26,640 --> 00:10:30,240
mysteriously destroyed by fire
the night before.
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00:10:37,280 --> 00:10:40,520
President Hindenburg came too.
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00:10:40,600 --> 00:10:44,000
The deed was part of a communist plot,
Hitler claimed,
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00:10:44,080 --> 00:10:48,160
and issued an emergency decree
to enable him to crush the communists.
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Hindenburg countersigned it.
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Hitler's reign of terror was legalised.
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He could suppress newspapers,
search without warrant,
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imprison without trial
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00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:02,160
without accounting to anyone
except Hindenburg.
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00:11:02,240 --> 00:11:06,240
No one protested much,
not even non-Nazis in the cabinet.
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March 21. The state opening
of Parliament, the first day of spring.
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Hitler called it
the Day of National Unity
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and led a procession of men
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whose hatred for each other
had seemed irreconcilable:
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Nazi atheists
and Catholic conservatives,
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ministers and revolutionaries.
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(band playing / crowd cheering)
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00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:36,880
Nazi Stormtroopers
detested the old regime,
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yet they formed a guard of honour
for the President.
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Hindenburg hardly seemed to notice.
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(crowd cheering)
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00:12:02,120 --> 00:12:04,240
(band plays march)
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00:12:04,320 --> 00:12:09,120
The Berlin Guard Regiment marched too,
delighted to be part of the parade.
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00:12:31,560 --> 00:12:33,560
(speaking German)
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00:12:39,680 --> 00:12:42,840
(translator) Then came reports
that one person after another
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who I knew had been in opposition
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had been hauled off to a camp.
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00:12:47,440 --> 00:12:52,200
There was talk of places
like Osthofen, concentration camps.
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00:12:55,080 --> 00:12:57,960
(narrator) The Stormtroopers
locked up their enemies,
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communists,
social democrats, liberals.
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00:13:00,840 --> 00:13:02,960
There was no secret about these camps.
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At Oranienburg, near Berlin,
they even had themselves filmed.
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(translation) Line up. Get ready.
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(translation) Morning.
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(Pusch) They saw to it
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00:13:20,520 --> 00:13:27,280
that rumours about those concentration
camps spread all over the nation
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so that people were really frightened.
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And on the other hand,
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they had a very widespread
sort of propaganda.
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You know, with those two means,
propaganda and terror,
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a grip on the nation.
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Right from the beginning,
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after the arrests of Jews
and communists and social democrats
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early in '33,
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people were so afraid
of the Nazi terror
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00:14:01,840 --> 00:14:05,760
that they just didn't dare to talk,
let alone to take action.
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(speaking German)
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00:14:12,240 --> 00:14:15,840
(translator) Perhaps we could still
have had a general strike.
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It was considered then.
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00:14:17,920 --> 00:14:21,440
But a general strike
would have cost a lot of blood.
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We mustn't forget that the majority
was on the other side and was armed,
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00:14:32,760 --> 00:14:37,120
and most of the professional class and
the working class, they weren't armed.
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00:14:37,200 --> 00:14:40,160
They would have had to use
knives and forks or pitchforks
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to defend themselves in a strike.
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And the political people
who stood against Hitler,
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they didn't have the courage to risk
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what would have turned out to be
an enormous massacre.
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00:14:55,840 --> 00:14:58,840
(narrator) The only demonstrations
that cold, wet spring
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00:14:58,920 --> 00:15:01,440
were by those
who supported the new regime.
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(singing)
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00:15:21,080 --> 00:15:27,160
The young party activists expected
still more violent revolutionary acts.
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00:15:33,240 --> 00:15:37,120
Most of Hitler's older supporters
yearned for stability and order.
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(crowd) Heil!
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00:15:39,560 --> 00:15:42,160
(narrator) Hitler had to satisfy both.
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When he… Hitler had come to power,
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we all felt… the left-wing people
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00:15:51,160 --> 00:15:53,080
felt something had to be done
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and they tried it in different ways.
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I joined
an illegal underground organisation
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00:16:01,240 --> 00:16:04,960
which called itself New Beginning.
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And there was a friend of mine
in Breslau,
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00:16:09,720 --> 00:16:13,520
a Jewish friend
who now lives in London, by the way.
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00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:18,600
We formed a theory
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00:16:19,040 --> 00:16:23,520
and according to this theory
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00:16:24,280 --> 00:16:27,800
we said class struggle
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00:16:27,880 --> 00:16:32,360
is a basic law
of history and social life.
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So if the National Socialists
are going to suppress
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00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:44,920
all organisations of class struggle,
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for instance trade unions
and left-wing parties,
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00:16:50,640 --> 00:16:54,960
this basic law
would go on nevertheless,
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00:16:55,040 --> 00:16:59,640
and if class struggle had no means
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00:16:59,720 --> 00:17:03,600
of expressing itself by organisations,
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00:17:03,680 --> 00:17:07,920
it would take part
within the Nazi organisations.
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So we thought it possible
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00:17:12,120 --> 00:17:15,960
that parts of the party
and parts of the SA
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00:17:16,040 --> 00:17:18,160
one day might turn
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against the upper classes
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and we thought it would be important
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00:17:31,960 --> 00:17:37,920
to observe that process
and probably influence it, even.
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And so that was the reason
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00:17:41,240 --> 00:17:45,640
that I joined
a National Socialist organisation,
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00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:47,920
in this case the SS.
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00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:51,840
They never checked up
about my political past.
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00:17:51,920 --> 00:17:58,760
But we had no real idea
what a totalitarian organisation was.
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00:18:00,960 --> 00:18:06,440
The rank and file of the organisation
hadn't anything to say at all.
201
00:18:06,520 --> 00:18:08,280
There were no discussions,
202
00:18:08,360 --> 00:18:13,000
there was no possibility of revolt
or anything of the sort.
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00:18:14,160 --> 00:18:18,160
It was just as if you'd tried
to do that in an army.
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00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:23,520
So I had joined the organisation
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00:18:23,600 --> 00:18:25,200
and it was all useless
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00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:29,040
and the following years
I always tried to get out of it again,
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00:18:29,120 --> 00:18:30,960
but that was very difficult.
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00:18:31,040 --> 00:18:33,040
(chanting)
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00:18:37,240 --> 00:18:39,240
(speaking German)
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00:18:43,360 --> 00:18:46,520
(translator) Then they began
to call things by new names.
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00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:49,240
Suddenly one learned
what an Aryan was.
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00:18:53,480 --> 00:18:55,600
At first I didn't know
what that meant.
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00:18:55,680 --> 00:19:00,200
They are people, how can I say it,
who are not of the Jewish race.
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00:19:00,280 --> 00:19:04,080
To tell the truth, I still
don't quite know what an Aryan is.
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00:19:04,160 --> 00:19:06,640
And then I think the shops
had to put on their doors
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00:19:06,720 --> 00:19:08,600
a sign that said “Aryan shop”.
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00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:18,840
And if the sign wasn't there, this
made it clear it was a Jewish shop.
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00:19:21,880 --> 00:19:27,320
(narrator) Newly labelled Aryans were
set against newly identified Jews.
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00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:31,080
Stormtroopers organised a boycott
of Jewish businesses.
220
00:19:39,040 --> 00:19:42,600
(woman) I'll tell you the experience
of my husband's grandmother.
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00:19:42,680 --> 00:19:46,440
She was 90 years old
on the day of the Jewish boycott,
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00:19:46,520 --> 00:19:50,880
which was April 1, 1933, I think.
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00:19:52,320 --> 00:19:56,960
She lived in the Bonhoeffer family
but she cared for her breakfast herself
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00:19:57,040 --> 00:19:59,880
and so she had to do
some shopping every day
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00:19:59,960 --> 00:20:04,720
and she went to her Jewish shop
to buy some butter.
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00:20:04,800 --> 00:20:12,160
And in the door was standing
an SA man with his gun,
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00:20:12,240 --> 00:20:15,440
and he asked her rather roughly,
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00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:17,760
(speaking German)
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00:20:17,840 --> 00:20:20,480
“Have you just to buy at the Jew?”
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00:20:21,440 --> 00:20:27,200
And she took her stick and pushed him
a little bit on his leg and said,
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00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:30,240
(speaking German)
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00:20:30,320 --> 00:20:35,280
“I buy my butter
where I buy my butter every day.”
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00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:39,480
She was from south Germany
and I want to tell it in German dialect
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00:20:39,560 --> 00:20:40,960
because it's so typical.
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00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:44,200
But she was 90 years old
and so she could enter
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00:20:44,280 --> 00:20:45,680
and she bought her butter.
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00:20:45,760 --> 00:20:49,680
She was the single,
the only customer that day.
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00:20:49,760 --> 00:20:52,680
Nobody dared.
There was standing a man with a gun.
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00:20:52,760 --> 00:20:55,120
(singing)
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00:20:58,360 --> 00:21:01,800
(narrator) The men with the guns
dealt with literature too.
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00:21:01,880 --> 00:21:05,640
In May 1933 Dr Goebbels
decided to purge German letters
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00:21:05,720 --> 00:21:09,680
of all that was
foreign, Jewish, un-German.
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00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:14,360
All over Germany students
and Stormtroopers burnt books.
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00:21:19,320 --> 00:21:24,920
The biggest blaze was in Berlin,
in front of the opera house.
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00:21:28,360 --> 00:21:30,520
Hitler's own book, Mein Kampf,
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00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:33,040
revealed all
any loyal German ought to know
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00:21:33,120 --> 00:21:35,480
about literature, politics or culture.
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00:21:45,920 --> 00:21:49,600
Munich. Here National Socialism began.
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00:21:49,680 --> 00:21:52,880
And here the Nazis
built their House of German Art
250
00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:58,240
to display the great works
National Socialism would inspire.
251
00:21:58,320 --> 00:22:01,320
(♪ “The Mastersingers of Nuremberg”—
Wagner)
252
00:22:06,680 --> 00:22:08,320
As the cornerstone was laid,
253
00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:13,280
the orchestra played Richard Wagner's
hymn to the purity of German art.
254
00:22:32,960 --> 00:22:34,760
Then the procession.
255
00:22:34,840 --> 00:22:36,840
(band plays march)
256
00:22:50,720 --> 00:22:53,880
The Nazis liked to think of themselves
not as destroyers,
257
00:22:53,960 --> 00:22:57,520
but as preservers of all that was best
in Germany's past.
258
00:22:57,600 --> 00:23:01,440
Their parades and pageants were meant
to teach Germans a history lesson
259
00:23:01,520 --> 00:23:03,520
and to entertain.
260
00:23:38,760 --> 00:23:41,960
Every September the National
Socialists came to Nuremberg
261
00:23:42,040 --> 00:23:44,800
for their annual party rally.
262
00:23:44,880 --> 00:23:47,640
This was their first
since taking office.
263
00:23:52,160 --> 00:23:55,400
Visitors from abroad came to join them
for a week of celebration.
264
00:23:55,480 --> 00:23:58,840
Speeches, marches, military displays,
265
00:23:58,920 --> 00:24:03,280
each day devoted to a different branch
of the National Socialist family.
266
00:24:17,200 --> 00:24:20,040
It was a vicious, quarrelsome family.
267
00:24:20,120 --> 00:24:22,880
The Stormtroopers,
commanded by Ernst Röhm,
268
00:24:22,960 --> 00:24:25,560
were the most awkward and menacing.
269
00:24:26,240 --> 00:24:28,240
There were now three million of them.
270
00:24:28,320 --> 00:24:31,800
Against Hitler's wishes they wanted
to take over the job of the army,
271
00:24:31,880 --> 00:24:34,120
to replace
the reactionary professionals
272
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:37,120
with their own
fierce revolutionary volunteers.
273
00:24:41,080 --> 00:24:43,760
Göring and Goebbels
loathed each other.
274
00:24:43,840 --> 00:24:47,680
They could scarcely bear
to be seen together in public.
275
00:24:51,160 --> 00:24:55,000
No one was supposed to know
of this tension beneath the surface.
276
00:24:55,080 --> 00:24:57,080
The face the party
presented to the world
277
00:24:57,160 --> 00:25:00,360
was united, powerful, monolithic.
278
00:25:04,040 --> 00:25:08,200
Adolf Hitler had been in power
just eight months.
279
00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:13,040
Everything he had done or would do,
he said, had only one aim:
280
00:25:13,120 --> 00:25:16,040
to restore the nation to greatness,
281
00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:19,160
to serve and to glorify
the German people.
282
00:25:20,320 --> 00:25:26,800
(translation)
The National Socialist Party…
283
00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:02,200
(cheering)
284
00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:09,640
(man speaking German)
285
00:26:11,040 --> 00:26:13,440
(narrator) Spring 1934.
286
00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:17,280
A Hitler Youth camp in a park
right in the centre of Berlin.
287
00:26:17,360 --> 00:26:19,360
Parents' day.
288
00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:23,440
(cheering)
289
00:26:27,720 --> 00:26:31,720
Joining Nazi youth organisations
wasn't compulsory yet,
290
00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:34,640
but children who belonged
to the League of German Girls
291
00:26:34,720 --> 00:26:35,840
or the Hitler Youth
292
00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:38,920
were made to feel part
of the exciting new Germany.
293
00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:45,240
Organised sports, organised games.
294
00:26:45,320 --> 00:26:47,640
Even organised horseplay.
295
00:26:55,200 --> 00:26:57,200
(speaking German)
296
00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:05,400
(translator) As children
we couldn't understand each other.
297
00:27:05,480 --> 00:27:06,880
We were against each other
298
00:27:06,960 --> 00:27:10,040
just because our parents
had different political views.
299
00:27:10,120 --> 00:27:14,000
And suddenly we were brought together
through the Hitler Youth.
300
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:20,120
There we sang together, went hiking,
301
00:27:20,200 --> 00:27:23,360
we made things
for kindergartens and old people.
302
00:27:23,440 --> 00:27:26,360
We made things at Christmas time.
303
00:27:26,440 --> 00:27:29,320
And suddenly
everything was a community.
304
00:27:31,720 --> 00:27:33,720
(speaking German)
305
00:27:34,880 --> 00:27:37,760
(translator) This hiking,
night hiking,
306
00:27:37,840 --> 00:27:41,320
wearing uniforms, singing songs,
307
00:27:41,400 --> 00:27:45,520
for the children, that wasn't anything
political, and they gladly joined in.
308
00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:47,600
(singing)
309
00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:51,400
(singing)
310
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:08,240
Sieg heil! Sieg heil! Sieg heil!
311
00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:13,520
(narrator) Three and a half million
German children
312
00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:16,280
already belonged to the Hitler Youth
in 1934.
313
00:28:18,640 --> 00:28:23,160
Hitler gloated, “When an enemy of mine
says, ‘I will not join you,’
314
00:28:23,240 --> 00:28:26,840
I reply calmly, ‘But your child
has joined us already.’”
315
00:28:26,920 --> 00:28:29,680
“‘Who are you? You will pass on.’”
316
00:28:29,760 --> 00:28:31,840
“‘Your children
are in our camp already
317
00:28:31,920 --> 00:28:36,920
and soon they will know nothing else
except our new community.’”
318
00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:39,000
(speaking German)
319
00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:41,680
(translator) It was a time…
320
00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:43,440
You could almost describe it
321
00:28:43,520 --> 00:28:46,840
as a springtime, a time of hope,
322
00:28:46,920 --> 00:28:50,600
with good resolutions
to improve everything,
323
00:28:50,680 --> 00:28:52,880
to revive the economy.
324
00:28:52,960 --> 00:28:57,240
A new feeling, a people's community.
325
00:28:57,320 --> 00:28:59,320
(band plays march)
326
00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:03,240
(narrator) The people's community.
327
00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:05,720
The Nazis talked about it,
328
00:29:05,800 --> 00:29:09,920
their parades and marches
celebrated it relentlessly.
329
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:12,280
All Germans together.
330
00:29:12,360 --> 00:29:14,360
(crowd cheering)
331
00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:29,200
(speaking German)
332
00:29:29,280 --> 00:29:32,000
(translator) Economically
nothing changed much.
333
00:29:32,080 --> 00:29:34,000
The unemployed were still there.
334
00:29:34,080 --> 00:29:37,160
But there was hope that unemployment
was going to disappear.
335
00:29:37,240 --> 00:29:39,240
(speaking German)
336
00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:01,200
(speaking German)
337
00:30:03,480 --> 00:30:07,120
(translator) He accomplished things
which no one thought possible,
338
00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:09,480
and in a fairly short time.
339
00:30:09,560 --> 00:30:11,120
So all these people
340
00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:14,640
who had been vegetating
without hope, without any future,
341
00:30:14,720 --> 00:30:17,160
it was now clearly shown to them.
342
00:30:17,240 --> 00:30:22,160
“Your life does have some meaning
and you have something to do.”
343
00:30:22,240 --> 00:30:24,520
“You can support your family again,
344
00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:28,080
not by social security
but by your own work.”
345
00:30:28,160 --> 00:30:29,680
(speaking German)
346
00:30:47,280 --> 00:30:49,280
(cheering)
347
00:30:55,160 --> 00:30:57,160
(speaking German)
348
00:31:00,360 --> 00:31:04,240
(translator) And in the schools
and in sport, everywhere they wanted
349
00:31:04,320 --> 00:31:06,840
to bring out a community spirit.
350
00:31:08,560 --> 00:31:10,840
And for the most part they succeeded.
351
00:31:10,920 --> 00:31:14,880
And one could see people are enjoying
themselves, it's getting better.
352
00:31:15,840 --> 00:31:21,160
A feeling of relief and also of hope
was widespread, I would say,
353
00:31:21,240 --> 00:31:23,400
in '33 and into '34.
354
00:31:23,480 --> 00:31:25,280
(excited shouting)
355
00:31:30,480 --> 00:31:32,480
(band plays march)
356
00:31:39,080 --> 00:31:41,080
(band plays waltz)
357
00:31:55,320 --> 00:31:57,560
(narrator) Relief and hope.
358
00:32:01,080 --> 00:32:03,720
And fun and games.
359
00:32:06,280 --> 00:32:08,600
And political murder.
360
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:17,200
Ernst Röhm had been
Hitler's loyal comrade and friend,
361
00:32:17,280 --> 00:32:19,960
but his Stormtroopers
were challenging the army
362
00:32:20,040 --> 00:32:23,080
and Röhm
was challenging Hitler's authority.
363
00:32:23,160 --> 00:32:26,080
Hitler has him murdered
at the end of June.
364
00:32:26,160 --> 00:32:27,560
The men who murdered Röhm
365
00:32:27,640 --> 00:32:32,160
belonged to a tiny elite force within
the Stormtroopers themselves, the SS.
366
00:32:32,240 --> 00:32:36,520
June 30, '34
367
00:32:36,600 --> 00:32:38,720
was a very, very important day
368
00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:41,160
because it became obvious
369
00:32:41,240 --> 00:32:47,080
that this government, as a government,
started to become a murderer.
370
00:32:47,160 --> 00:32:51,520
You remember that
they shot a great number of people
371
00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:54,560
without any bringing them to court.
372
00:32:54,640 --> 00:32:56,720
They just killed them.
373
00:32:56,800 --> 00:33:04,280
And not only direct enemies of Hitler
in that moment,
374
00:33:04,360 --> 00:33:08,800
not only Röhm, the head of the SA,
375
00:33:08,880 --> 00:33:13,600
but also other people
who they felt were unpleasant.
376
00:33:13,680 --> 00:33:16,040
And they just did it at the same time.
377
00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:20,600
And this, I suppose,
was easy to realise
378
00:33:20,680 --> 00:33:25,200
because it was actually written
in the newspapers,
379
00:33:25,280 --> 00:33:27,520
so everybody could have read it.
380
00:33:27,600 --> 00:33:33,440
And it was said in the newspaper
that the government had to shoot them
381
00:33:33,520 --> 00:33:36,400
because it was an emergency case.
382
00:33:36,480 --> 00:33:39,560
But quite obviously
it's very difficult to understand
383
00:33:39,640 --> 00:33:41,440
if they are all taken as prisoners.
384
00:33:41,520 --> 00:33:43,960
Where's the emergency case
for the government?
385
00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:50,280
(narrator) The SS
formed the guard of honour
386
00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:52,880
when Hitler came to the Reichstag
two weeks later
387
00:33:52,960 --> 00:33:55,800
to explain why
he had ordered them to kill.
388
00:33:55,880 --> 00:33:59,160
The Stormtroopers had plotted
to overthrow the government.
389
00:33:59,240 --> 00:34:02,880
The plot had been crushed.
Order had been restored.
390
00:34:02,960 --> 00:34:05,400
Loyal Germans
had nothing more to fear.
391
00:34:05,480 --> 00:34:07,480
(cheering)
392
00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:09,400
The army had not protested
393
00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:13,280
although generals
had been murdered too.
394
00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:17,280
They saw the Stormtroopers,
their hated rivals, destroyed,
395
00:34:17,360 --> 00:34:20,320
and Hitler himself
had done the work for them.
396
00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:22,080
(cheering)
397
00:34:30,240 --> 00:34:33,200
(solemn music)
398
00:34:34,760 --> 00:34:38,840
In August, the army's protector
and patron in the Nazi state,
399
00:34:38,920 --> 00:34:41,920
Field Marshal von Hindenburg, died,
400
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:46,160
and with him the only authority
in the state above Hitler.
401
00:34:53,840 --> 00:34:58,600
Hitler immediately proclaimed himself
president in Hindenburg's place.
402
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:20,800
While the whole nation mourned,
the army had to swear a new oath,
403
00:35:20,880 --> 00:35:25,720
not to the constitution
but to Adolf Hitler personally.
404
00:35:25,800 --> 00:35:27,520
(translation) I swear by God.
405
00:35:27,600 --> 00:35:29,720
I swear by God.
406
00:36:07,120 --> 00:36:10,200
I swear by God.
407
00:36:13,240 --> 00:36:15,440
(man) Adolf Hitler.
408
00:36:15,520 --> 00:36:17,040
(all) Adolf Hitler.
409
00:36:17,120 --> 00:36:18,360
(man) Adolf Hitler.
410
00:36:18,440 --> 00:36:19,960
(all) Adolf Hitler.
411
00:36:20,040 --> 00:36:21,400
(man) Adolf Hitler.
412
00:36:21,480 --> 00:36:22,600
(cheering)
413
00:36:23,800 --> 00:36:28,880
(narrator) Wehrmacht Day at the 1934
party rally only a month later.
414
00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:32,200
The army on display
to its new masters.
415
00:36:37,240 --> 00:36:38,440
Baffled by politics,
416
00:36:38,520 --> 00:36:42,920
the soldiers returned to perfecting
their professional techniques.
417
00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:45,000
(gunfire)
418
00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:51,920
The decision to introduce conscription
in March 1935 was taken without them.
419
00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:55,720
The Minister of Defence, General
von Blomberg, merely endorsed it.
420
00:36:55,800 --> 00:36:57,800
(speaking German)
421
00:37:13,520 --> 00:37:16,520
(narrator) The generals were delighted
that their army,
422
00:37:16,600 --> 00:37:19,520
limited by international agreement
to 100,000 men,
423
00:37:19,600 --> 00:37:21,720
was going to grow.
424
00:37:21,800 --> 00:37:24,560
Von Blomberg blandly echoed
Hitler's claim
425
00:37:24,640 --> 00:37:28,680
that this would be a contribution
to the peace of Europe.
426
00:37:28,760 --> 00:37:30,760
(speaking German)
427
00:37:38,680 --> 00:37:40,680
(band plays march)
428
00:37:50,720 --> 00:37:52,360
(narrator) The old generals,
429
00:37:52,440 --> 00:37:55,920
the old regimental banners
were paraded once again,
430
00:37:56,000 --> 00:38:00,200
but this army belonged not to the
professional soldiers but to Hitler.
431
00:38:00,280 --> 00:38:02,840
(bells ringing)
432
00:38:06,160 --> 00:38:09,400
Hitler tried
to make the churches his too.
433
00:38:11,840 --> 00:38:15,000
Nun, bishop and SS man alike
434
00:38:15,080 --> 00:38:17,920
would have a place
in the Nazi Christian community
435
00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:20,040
led by Nazi men of God.
436
00:38:20,120 --> 00:38:22,320
(speaking German)
437
00:38:28,960 --> 00:38:31,440
(narrator)
Concert-goers were preached at too,
438
00:38:31,520 --> 00:38:34,480
by the Minister for Propaganda
and Ethnic Enlightenment.
439
00:38:34,560 --> 00:38:36,840
(speaking German)
440
00:38:49,760 --> 00:38:51,960
(♪ “Hallelujah Chorus”—Handel)
441
00:38:58,480 --> 00:39:00,960
♪ Hallelujah
442
00:39:01,040 --> 00:39:04,320
(narrator)
Christian form and Nazi substance.
443
00:39:05,520 --> 00:39:08,840
The marriage of Hermann Göring
to Emmy Sonnemann,
444
00:39:08,920 --> 00:39:12,160
the greatest social event of 1935.
445
00:39:13,960 --> 00:39:15,960
Hitler was best man.
446
00:39:18,360 --> 00:39:21,120
(bells ringing)
447
00:39:30,360 --> 00:39:34,160
(crowd chanting)
448
00:39:36,520 --> 00:39:39,600
Nuremberg, 1935. Hitler Youth Day.
449
00:39:39,680 --> 00:39:42,280
(crowd cheering)
450
00:39:45,200 --> 00:39:47,200
(speaking German)
451
00:40:07,760 --> 00:40:09,760
(band plays march)
452
00:41:25,960 --> 00:41:28,840
Radio loudspeakers
on the streets and in their homes
453
00:41:28,920 --> 00:41:31,400
brought the sounds and excitement
of the rallies
454
00:41:31,480 --> 00:41:34,280
to the people who couldn't be there.
455
00:41:34,840 --> 00:41:36,560
(speaking German)
456
00:41:37,320 --> 00:41:39,360
(translator) We'd heard somewhere,
457
00:41:39,440 --> 00:41:41,040
perhaps it was on the radio,
458
00:41:41,120 --> 00:41:42,560
that the Rhineland
459
00:41:42,640 --> 00:41:44,920
was going to be remilitarised.
460
00:41:46,760 --> 00:41:49,760
The thing was
that after the Versailles Treaty
461
00:41:49,840 --> 00:41:54,520
there was a demilitarised zone of 30km
on the right bank of the Rhine.
462
00:41:57,840 --> 00:41:59,960
No soldiers could be garrisoned there
463
00:42:00,040 --> 00:42:02,600
and I don't even think
they could set foot there.
464
00:42:03,960 --> 00:42:08,200
Now, some time after conscription
had been reintroduced,
465
00:42:11,760 --> 00:42:13,360
Hitler suddenly announced
466
00:42:13,440 --> 00:42:17,160
that the Rhineland
was going to be remilitarised.
467
00:42:19,560 --> 00:42:21,720
The troops began to move in.
468
00:42:23,840 --> 00:42:25,840
Some friends and I were around.
469
00:42:25,920 --> 00:42:29,520
We didn't have much else to do
so we went out into the street
470
00:42:29,600 --> 00:42:32,840
where we thought
they'd have to come past.
471
00:42:35,160 --> 00:42:38,560
We knew they had to come from the east
472
00:42:38,640 --> 00:42:41,240
because the Rhine
was towards the west.
473
00:42:41,320 --> 00:42:43,320
(band plays march)
474
00:42:49,920 --> 00:42:53,360
(narrator) The units which marched
across the Rhine bridges that day
475
00:42:53,440 --> 00:42:56,400
were among Germany's best,
but there were very few of them
476
00:42:56,480 --> 00:42:59,640
and they had no heavy weapons.
477
00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:10,360
Yet the troops were under orders
to fight if they met resistance.
478
00:43:13,920 --> 00:43:15,200
(speaking German)
479
00:43:15,280 --> 00:43:17,200
(translator) The question was,
480
00:43:17,280 --> 00:43:20,120
well, what are the Allies
going to do about this?
481
00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:23,440
And, well, they did nothing.
482
00:43:24,880 --> 00:43:26,880
And we were relieved.
483
00:43:26,960 --> 00:43:30,080
We'd made another step forward
and it worked.
484
00:43:32,280 --> 00:43:35,400
Another step forward
towards sovereignty.
485
00:43:35,480 --> 00:43:37,680
Sovereignty over our own country.
486
00:43:41,800 --> 00:43:46,680
(Pusch) Hitler thought it to be useful
to have an election afterwards.
487
00:43:46,760 --> 00:43:49,880
It wasn't at all necessary
for the regime,
488
00:43:49,960 --> 00:43:52,520
it was just one form of propaganda,
489
00:43:52,600 --> 00:43:56,160
indoctrinating the people
and giving him an opportunity
490
00:43:56,240 --> 00:43:59,960
to make speeches in all big places.
491
00:44:02,280 --> 00:44:04,160
As a member of the SS
492
00:44:04,240 --> 00:44:06,480
we had always the task
493
00:44:06,560 --> 00:44:10,680
to look after security, you know.
494
00:44:10,760 --> 00:44:18,040
So there was, I think,
a dozen of young men.
495
00:44:18,120 --> 00:44:21,960
I had to go behind a big curtain,
496
00:44:22,040 --> 00:44:24,200
a black, big curtain
497
00:44:24,280 --> 00:44:30,080
and we had, the other young men too,
had made little holes in the curtain
498
00:44:30,160 --> 00:44:33,560
and we looked through
from the dark into the hall.
499
00:44:33,640 --> 00:44:35,360
Hitler wasn't very far from me,
500
00:44:35,440 --> 00:44:38,400
about ten metres, I think,
501
00:44:38,480 --> 00:44:43,280
and for a while I thought, “That
would be an occasion to shoot him.”
502
00:44:43,360 --> 00:44:47,320
“I am in the dark
and I would have the time,
503
00:44:47,400 --> 00:44:51,360
and if I had a machine gun
or something like that.”
504
00:44:53,240 --> 00:44:56,120
But I had none
505
00:44:56,200 --> 00:45:02,600
and of course I should have lost my
life afterwards, that was quite clear.
506
00:45:02,680 --> 00:45:06,040
And, well, I listened to his speech
507
00:45:06,120 --> 00:45:13,440
and I felt that more and more
excited atmosphere in the hall
508
00:45:13,520 --> 00:45:19,600
and for some seconds again and again
I had a feeling,
509
00:45:19,680 --> 00:45:23,880
“What a pity
that I can't share that belief
510
00:45:23,960 --> 00:45:26,440
of all those thousands of people,
511
00:45:26,520 --> 00:45:30,640
that I am alone,
that I am contrary to all that.”
512
00:45:30,720 --> 00:45:32,480
It was very funny.
513
00:45:32,560 --> 00:45:38,720
I thought, “He's talking all
the nonsense I know he always talks.”
514
00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:44,960
But still I felt it must be wonderful
515
00:45:45,040 --> 00:45:50,240
just to jump into that bubbling pot
516
00:45:50,320 --> 00:45:55,360
and be a member
of all those who are believers
517
00:45:55,440 --> 00:45:57,600
and who are very happy at that moment.
518
00:45:58,840 --> 00:46:02,840
(narrator) Those who were believers
had a great deal to be happy about.
519
00:46:02,920 --> 00:46:06,520
Three years of National Socialism
had transformed Germany.
520
00:46:06,600 --> 00:46:08,960
No longer weak and despised,
521
00:46:09,040 --> 00:46:12,440
but dynamic
and deserving everyone's respect.
522
00:46:12,520 --> 00:46:15,200
(crowd chanting)
523
00:46:19,720 --> 00:46:25,600
(translation) I herewith declare open
the Berlin Games
524
00:46:25,680 --> 00:46:28,360
in celebration
of the 11th Olympic Games
525
00:46:28,440 --> 00:46:31,360
according to
the new calculation of times.
526
00:46:31,440 --> 00:46:32,920
(cheering)
527
00:46:47,640 --> 00:46:51,480
(narrator) At these Olympic Games
in Berlin in 1936,
528
00:46:51,560 --> 00:46:53,800
Hitler showed off his new Germany.
529
00:46:55,280 --> 00:46:56,680
The world came to see.
530
00:46:59,000 --> 00:47:01,000
(speaking German)
531
00:47:02,600 --> 00:47:07,120
(translator) It was so magnificent,
the Olympic Games. It was…
532
00:47:07,200 --> 00:47:08,760
Today one could say
533
00:47:08,840 --> 00:47:11,320
it was a huge deception
by Herr Goebbels.
534
00:47:11,400 --> 00:47:15,440
There were no anti-Jewish measures
to be seen anywhere.
535
00:47:15,520 --> 00:47:18,200
And I came
as a modest Austrian student.
536
00:47:18,280 --> 00:47:20,600
I was a bit of an athlete myself.
537
00:47:23,560 --> 00:47:26,760
And I sat in the American sector
for three weeks,
538
00:47:26,840 --> 00:47:28,840
or however long it lasted.
539
00:47:32,440 --> 00:47:36,360
Now, if you could have seen how
enthusiastic those Americans were.
540
00:47:36,440 --> 00:47:38,640
And there sat Hitler
in the box of honour
541
00:47:38,720 --> 00:47:42,000
and it didn't occur to me
to question any of it.
542
00:47:45,840 --> 00:47:48,360
The sporting nations,
the young people.
543
00:47:51,680 --> 00:47:54,760
And I too, I was a young man then,
I was 21 years old,
544
00:47:54,840 --> 00:47:57,640
so I was unbelievably excited
by the whole thing.
545
00:47:57,720 --> 00:47:59,240
You must see that.
546
00:47:59,320 --> 00:48:01,320
(cheering)
547
00:48:07,440 --> 00:48:09,720
(applause)
548
00:48:09,800 --> 00:48:13,880
(narrator) German athletes
won 33 gold medals,
549
00:48:13,960 --> 00:48:15,600
more than anyone else.
550
00:48:15,680 --> 00:48:19,920
Nazis claimed victory for their sport
and for their way of life.
551
00:48:20,000 --> 00:48:23,440
(fanfare)
552
00:48:26,920 --> 00:48:29,160
(singing)
553
00:48:52,760 --> 00:48:57,200
Germans looked forward to repeating
their triumphs at the next Games
554
00:48:57,280 --> 00:48:59,040
in four years' time.
555
00:49:01,480 --> 00:49:03,240
In 1940.
556
00:49:10,240 --> 00:49:12,240
(cheering)
557
00:49:17,080 --> 00:49:20,120
The Nazis loved to organise festivals.
558
00:49:21,880 --> 00:49:25,040
This was the annual harvest festival
for the peasants,
559
00:49:25,120 --> 00:49:28,680
the folk Hitler called
the backbone of the nation.
560
00:49:42,000 --> 00:49:45,720
A million people might come,
camping out, sleeping rough,
561
00:49:45,800 --> 00:49:48,200
in order to be there on the day.
562
00:49:48,280 --> 00:49:51,480
These great meetings
brought comradeship and colour
563
00:49:51,560 --> 00:49:54,000
and a chance to see the Führer.
564
00:49:55,320 --> 00:49:57,320
(fanfare)
565
00:49:58,760 --> 00:50:00,760
(chanting)
566
00:50:14,000 --> 00:50:16,000
(speaking German)
567
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:20,360
(translator) I came
from a farming family
568
00:50:20,440 --> 00:50:22,800
and we were all so enthusiastic
569
00:50:22,880 --> 00:50:25,000
because since Hitler had taken power,
570
00:50:25,080 --> 00:50:27,840
he'd done so much for the farmers.
571
00:50:27,920 --> 00:50:32,320
Before that, things were going
very badly for people on the land.
572
00:50:32,400 --> 00:50:35,000
Farmers were heavily in debt
573
00:50:36,600 --> 00:50:39,760
and many farms had been auctioned off.
574
00:50:39,840 --> 00:50:43,320
Now suddenly we could breathe again
575
00:50:43,400 --> 00:50:45,760
and we had some reward for our work.
576
00:51:01,680 --> 00:51:03,240
(man shouts names in German)
577
00:51:07,400 --> 00:51:09,400
(band plays march)
578
00:51:13,440 --> 00:51:17,320
(narrator) The Arbeitsdienst,
the national labour service.
579
00:51:17,400 --> 00:51:20,080
Less a serious attempt
to fight unemployment
580
00:51:20,160 --> 00:51:24,040
than a way of moulding Germans
into good, soldierly citizens.
581
00:51:27,920 --> 00:51:29,920
(speaking German)
582
00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:34,040
(translator) This labour service aimed
to bring together the rich and the poor
583
00:51:34,120 --> 00:51:38,040
so that the privileged people
and people from the simplest backgrounds
584
00:51:38,120 --> 00:51:40,680
could come to know each other
by working together,
585
00:51:40,760 --> 00:51:44,280
to learn at first-hand
the meaning of Hitler's precepts.
586
00:51:44,360 --> 00:51:48,240
The community interest
before self-interest. Work is capital.
587
00:51:49,080 --> 00:51:53,000
(narrator) Everyone was liable
for service in the labour corps.
588
00:52:04,960 --> 00:52:08,040
Mothers and sweethearts
kissed the boys goodbye
589
00:52:08,120 --> 00:52:10,200
as if they were going off to war.
590
00:52:13,360 --> 00:52:16,920
The labour service was a model
for the national community.
591
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:19,560
Hard labour, rough fellowship.
592
00:52:22,960 --> 00:52:25,880
Women cheerfully serving the menfolk.
593
00:52:29,240 --> 00:52:32,480
Dedication, sacrifice, comradeship.
594
00:52:32,560 --> 00:52:34,720
A people's community.
595
00:52:38,960 --> 00:52:43,280
The German people were not expected
to work forever without reward.
596
00:52:44,880 --> 00:52:46,880
(excited cheering)
597
00:52:54,360 --> 00:52:57,120
Hitler wanted every German
to have a car,
598
00:52:57,200 --> 00:53:00,640
to drive on the new super-highways
being built by their labour.
599
00:53:11,720 --> 00:53:16,800
The people's community
in the people's car. The Volkswagen.
600
00:53:16,880 --> 00:53:19,360
Hitler helped to design it himself.
601
00:53:19,440 --> 00:53:21,160
These were the prototypes.
602
00:53:21,240 --> 00:53:24,560
The real ones wouldn't be ready
for delivery until 1940.
603
00:53:25,480 --> 00:53:27,760
Thousands were sold
on the instalment plan.
604
00:53:31,320 --> 00:53:33,800
Berlin, September 1937.
605
00:53:33,880 --> 00:53:37,400
The largest city
on the European continent.
606
00:53:39,760 --> 00:53:44,280
The first day of school
in Germany's capital.
607
00:53:47,200 --> 00:53:49,200
(bell ringing)
608
00:53:50,960 --> 00:53:53,960
The teachers
were National Socialists now.
609
00:53:54,040 --> 00:53:56,800
The schools were run
according to the Führerprinzip,
610
00:53:56,880 --> 00:53:58,560
the leadership principle,
611
00:53:58,640 --> 00:54:00,280
just like the country.
612
00:54:00,360 --> 00:54:03,040
There were natural leaders,
the teachers,
613
00:54:03,120 --> 00:54:05,880
and natural followers, the children.
614
00:54:11,000 --> 00:54:13,840
Don't question, copy down.
615
00:54:14,560 --> 00:54:16,400
Don't be different.
616
00:54:16,480 --> 00:54:18,480
(speaking German)
617
00:54:22,200 --> 00:54:26,480
(translator) All the unpleasant jobs
in school, in the classes,
618
00:54:26,560 --> 00:54:28,560
had of course to be done
by the children
619
00:54:28,640 --> 00:54:31,240
whose parents wouldn't support Hitler.
620
00:54:33,480 --> 00:54:37,760
For instance my son had to pick up
all the rubbish in the school yard
621
00:54:37,840 --> 00:54:41,040
during the breaks,
for years, it seemed.
622
00:54:41,120 --> 00:54:43,440
Things like that went on all the time.
623
00:54:46,960 --> 00:54:49,400
But of course there were many teachers
624
00:54:49,480 --> 00:54:51,480
who, after the takeover of power,
625
00:54:51,560 --> 00:54:55,160
tried to behave as if they'd been
National Socialists all their lives
626
00:54:55,240 --> 00:54:57,440
in order to keep their jobs,
627
00:54:58,920 --> 00:55:01,480
but who still maintained
an inner resistance
628
00:55:01,560 --> 00:55:04,600
and didn't treat the children too badly.
629
00:55:10,000 --> 00:55:11,960
But gradually they faded out.
630
00:55:12,040 --> 00:55:13,920
Some were pensioned off
631
00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:16,480
and others were dismissed
when it was discovered
632
00:55:16,560 --> 00:55:20,760
that they weren't enthusiastic enough,
or they were transferred.
633
00:55:20,840 --> 00:55:25,640
Educational priorities
got completely turned around.
634
00:55:25,720 --> 00:55:30,200
The most important subjects were now
German history and physical training.
635
00:55:32,520 --> 00:55:34,600
(narrator) In the people's community
636
00:55:34,680 --> 00:55:39,520
there was no getting away from sports
and games and happy outdoor play.
637
00:55:39,600 --> 00:55:42,760
The official slogan was
“Strength through joy”.
638
00:55:42,840 --> 00:55:45,040
(children shouting and laughing)
639
00:55:51,160 --> 00:55:55,360
Young people enjoyed their own bodies
and each other's.
640
00:55:55,440 --> 00:55:57,440
(ballroom music)
641
00:56:11,720 --> 00:56:16,480
Ordinary folk comrades
had ordinary pleasures.
642
00:56:18,120 --> 00:56:21,400
Dr Goebbels enjoyed the dancers
at the Scala theatre.
643
00:56:21,480 --> 00:56:23,480
(applause)
644
00:56:26,480 --> 00:56:28,480
(jaunty music)
645
00:56:54,920 --> 00:56:58,800
The army enjoyed
showing off its equipment too.
646
00:56:58,880 --> 00:57:04,880
In 1937 visitors like Mussolini
were interested and impressed.
647
00:57:06,360 --> 00:57:09,240
But the German generals were uneasy.
648
00:57:09,320 --> 00:57:12,440
Their cautious plans for expansion
had been swamped
649
00:57:12,520 --> 00:57:14,920
by Hitler's eagerness to rearm.
650
00:57:15,000 --> 00:57:19,680
Their weapons were only prototypes,
their conscripts not yet trained.
651
00:57:22,520 --> 00:57:26,680
The Duke and Duchess of Windsor
came to visit the new Germany.
652
00:57:30,920 --> 00:57:34,080
Nazis preached unity and equality,
653
00:57:34,160 --> 00:57:37,440
that no folk comrade
was better than any other,
654
00:57:37,520 --> 00:57:40,200
yet they fawned
on visiting celebrities.
655
00:57:51,640 --> 00:57:54,720
The ex-king of England
at a concert for workers.
656
00:57:58,880 --> 00:58:01,040
(rousing music)
657
00:58:09,480 --> 00:58:14,400
Factory hands obliged to drink deep
at the spring of German art.
658
00:58:14,480 --> 00:58:18,520
Enthralled, perhaps,
or just sullenly present?
659
00:58:32,520 --> 00:58:36,720
Workers at concerts,
managing directors at trestle tables.
660
00:58:36,800 --> 00:58:38,800
This was the picture
Nazis liked to show
661
00:58:38,880 --> 00:58:41,000
of the people's community in action.
662
00:58:41,080 --> 00:58:45,240
Once a month everyone
eating the same simple lentil broth,
663
00:58:45,320 --> 00:58:47,000
giving the money they save
664
00:58:47,080 --> 00:58:50,000
to the great Nazi-run charity,
the Winter Help.
665
00:58:50,080 --> 00:58:52,160
(all laughing)
666
00:58:52,240 --> 00:58:54,720
Housewives too, rich and poor,
667
00:58:54,800 --> 00:58:57,760
sacrifice their time
for the people's community.
668
00:59:04,640 --> 00:59:08,240
The Winter Help campaigns
were launched by Hitler himself.
669
00:59:08,320 --> 00:59:10,680
(speaking German)
670
00:59:43,360 --> 00:59:47,000
(narrator) No one was too grand
to rattle the tin cup.
671
00:59:48,360 --> 00:59:50,720
The contributions weren't compulsory,
672
00:59:50,800 --> 00:59:55,920
but towns and even offices published
lists of those who refused to give.
673
00:59:56,000 --> 00:59:59,400
The money was supposed to go
to needy folk comrades.
674
00:59:59,480 --> 01:00:02,440
In fact it went
to impoverished Stormtroopers,
675
01:00:02,520 --> 01:00:05,480
party favourites, greedy Nazi bosses.
676
01:00:07,240 --> 01:00:09,560
The people gave and gave.
677
01:00:09,640 --> 01:00:13,360
Their leaders amassed great fortunes
and indulged their private lives.
678
01:00:14,360 --> 01:00:17,480
Adolf Hitler had his private life
far away from Berlin.
679
01:00:19,440 --> 01:00:21,440
(man singing in German)
680
01:01:02,960 --> 01:01:09,840
♪ Adolf Hitler's favourite flower
681
01:01:09,920 --> 01:01:17,840
♪ Is the simple Edelweiss
682
01:01:21,480 --> 01:01:25,480
(narrator) Germans knew that Hitler
had a mountain retreat in Bavaria.
683
01:01:25,560 --> 01:01:29,800
There he relaxed in private
with friends.
684
01:01:30,760 --> 01:01:35,520
(translation)
♪ Travel, song, across the land
685
01:01:35,600 --> 01:01:40,240
♪ Pass from mouth to mouth
686
01:01:40,320 --> 01:01:45,960
♪ Carry a piece of the German soul
687
01:01:46,040 --> 01:01:51,280
♪ Around the whole world
688
01:01:51,360 --> 01:01:56,560
♪ Announce it in hearts everywhere
689
01:01:56,640 --> 01:02:03,360
♪ To laud and praise the Führer
690
01:02:03,480 --> 01:02:09,720
♪ Adolf Hitler's favourite flower
691
01:02:09,800 --> 01:02:16,640
♪ Is the simple Edelweiss
692
01:02:16,720 --> 01:02:23,480
♪ Adolf Hitler's favourite flower
693
01:02:23,560 --> 01:02:31,560
♪ Is the simple Edelweiss
694
01:02:34,880 --> 01:02:37,760
(narrator) Hitler had a mistress,
Eva Braun,
695
01:02:37,840 --> 01:02:41,000
who sometimes brought
her family and friends to visit.
696
01:02:42,480 --> 01:02:45,080
Party cronies were invited too.
697
01:02:45,160 --> 01:02:49,320
Life at Berchtesgaden
was informal, domestic.
698
01:02:49,400 --> 01:02:57,240
(translation) ♪ Is the simple Edelweiss
699
01:02:58,560 --> 01:03:02,200
(narrator) Brutal politics
were never far away.
700
01:03:02,280 --> 01:03:05,520
These were the masters of the SS,
Hitler's bodyguard,
701
01:03:05,600 --> 01:03:09,880
embodiment of the terror
which sustained the Third Reich.
702
01:03:13,040 --> 01:03:15,520
Hitler had great political ambitions
703
01:03:15,600 --> 01:03:17,680
and the greatest of these, he said,
704
01:03:17,760 --> 01:03:21,320
was to make all Germans in Europe
part of his Reich.
705
01:03:21,400 --> 01:03:24,040
He started with the country
whose borders began
706
01:03:24,120 --> 01:03:27,600
only a few miles
from his mountain retreat.
707
01:03:27,680 --> 01:03:29,840
Austria was where Hitler was born.
708
01:03:29,920 --> 01:03:34,280
Its people spoke German
but it was an independent state.
709
01:03:34,360 --> 01:03:37,920
In March 1938
Hitler bullied the Austrian government
710
01:03:38,000 --> 01:03:42,240
into accepting Anschluss,
total union with Nazi Germany.
711
01:03:43,200 --> 01:03:45,120
(chanting)
712
01:03:49,160 --> 01:03:50,600
(Höttl speaks German)
713
01:03:50,680 --> 01:03:52,880
(translator)
When Hitler came to Vienna
714
01:03:52,960 --> 01:03:54,760
there was a sort of mass hysteria.
715
01:03:55,760 --> 01:03:59,360
People in such ecstasy,
hundreds of thousands of people.
716
01:04:03,600 --> 01:04:08,640
And Hitler stood there up on the
Imperial Palace and said, “Here I am.”
717
01:04:08,720 --> 01:04:10,960
I'm not sure of his exact words.
718
01:04:11,040 --> 01:04:15,080
“The greatest achievement of my life,
719
01:04:15,160 --> 01:04:20,120
the uniting of my homeland, Austria,
with the Greater German Reich.”
720
01:04:20,200 --> 01:04:22,200
That was really overwhelming.
721
01:04:25,160 --> 01:04:27,000
No one standing there at that moment
722
01:04:27,080 --> 01:04:29,600
gave a thought
to the thousands of poor people.
723
01:04:29,680 --> 01:04:33,200
After all, there weren't so many yet
who were going under.
724
01:04:34,080 --> 01:04:37,440
I'm not saying, as others do,
that I was against it from the start.
725
01:04:37,520 --> 01:04:41,240
Not at all.
I was really in favour, 100 per cent.
726
01:04:41,320 --> 01:04:43,120
(speaking German)
727
01:04:43,200 --> 01:04:46,160
(translator) There was an enthusiasm
like nothing else.
728
01:04:46,240 --> 01:04:49,320
It didn't matter whether this man
was an Austrian or a German,
729
01:04:49,400 --> 01:04:51,760
we didn't make the distinction
any more.
730
01:04:51,840 --> 01:04:54,560
It was just one people, eh?
731
01:04:54,640 --> 01:04:56,560
And one race, if you see what I mean.
732
01:04:58,400 --> 01:05:00,360
(narrator) April 1938.
733
01:05:01,080 --> 01:05:04,120
Hitler returned to Berlin
from his triumph in Vienna.
734
01:05:04,200 --> 01:05:06,800
(cheering)
735
01:05:11,120 --> 01:05:14,000
His fellow Germans
wept tears of ethnic joy
736
01:05:14,080 --> 01:05:16,240
at Austria's union with the Reich.
737
01:05:17,240 --> 01:05:21,720
Hitler called it the greatest thing
a German chancellor had ever done.
738
01:05:21,800 --> 01:05:23,800
But he was not satisfied.
739
01:05:23,880 --> 01:05:26,720
There were other Germans
outside the fold,
740
01:05:26,800 --> 01:05:29,880
other folk comrades
to be brought home to the Reich.
741
01:05:32,720 --> 01:05:33,880
September 1938.
742
01:05:34,560 --> 01:05:37,400
Prime ministers from Britain
and France came to Munich
743
01:05:37,480 --> 01:05:39,560
to appease Hitler's ethnic appetite.
744
01:05:41,160 --> 01:05:44,040
They agreed that he could take over
the Sudetenland,
745
01:05:44,120 --> 01:05:47,120
German-speaking Czechoslovakia.
746
01:05:57,120 --> 01:06:00,200
(cheering)
747
01:06:00,280 --> 01:06:02,800
These may have been Czech citizens,
748
01:06:02,880 --> 01:06:05,760
but Germany
was where their hearts lay.
749
01:06:05,840 --> 01:06:09,200
Now they too
were part of the people's community.
750
01:06:11,760 --> 01:06:14,160
(band plays march)
751
01:06:17,360 --> 01:06:21,080
I hadn't thought of National Socialism
752
01:06:21,160 --> 01:06:26,360
in ideas of foreign policy before
753
01:06:26,440 --> 01:06:30,960
and I got quite a surprise
754
01:06:31,040 --> 01:06:36,600
that things developed
in Austria and Sudetenland,
755
01:06:36,680 --> 01:06:38,840
but I was very pleased about it.
756
01:06:40,560 --> 01:06:42,640
(narrator) In November 1938
757
01:06:42,720 --> 01:06:46,120
Nazis organised
a wave of anti-Semitic terror.
758
01:06:46,200 --> 01:06:48,560
Synagogues were burnt.
759
01:06:53,400 --> 01:06:56,000
Shops were smashed and looted.
760
01:06:56,080 --> 01:07:01,920
This was the Kristallnacht,
the night of glittering broken glass.
761
01:07:04,720 --> 01:07:08,640
Officially the consequence
of the people's spontaneous anger
762
01:07:08,720 --> 01:07:10,840
against the Jews.
763
01:07:10,920 --> 01:07:12,680
(speaking German)
764
01:07:14,480 --> 01:07:19,680
On my way to work, I was an apprentice
learning my father's trade,
765
01:07:19,760 --> 01:07:22,880
well, I could see some fires burning.
766
01:07:22,960 --> 01:07:25,040
I can see myself in my mind's eye
767
01:07:25,120 --> 01:07:28,400
standing in front of the synagogue
which had been burnt.
768
01:07:31,080 --> 01:07:34,360
Maybe some of my workmates
were with me, I'm not really sure.
769
01:07:34,440 --> 01:07:38,160
Anyway, I see this man coming out.
770
01:07:38,240 --> 01:07:41,080
“You know him,
he lives in our building.”
771
01:07:41,160 --> 01:07:43,440
It was an SA man and he was saying,
772
01:07:45,960 --> 01:07:48,320
“That thing just won't burn right.”
773
01:07:48,400 --> 01:07:50,400
And so of course it was quite clear
774
01:07:50,480 --> 01:07:52,080
that what we read afterwards,
775
01:07:52,160 --> 01:07:55,440
that this was the spontaneous anger
of the people at work,
776
01:07:55,520 --> 01:07:57,520
wasn't true at all.
777
01:07:58,800 --> 01:08:01,240
It was the SA at work.
778
01:08:01,320 --> 01:08:04,120
And it must have been clear
to everyone at that point
779
01:08:04,200 --> 01:08:07,360
that something very wrong
was going on,
780
01:08:07,440 --> 01:08:10,560
but the means to oppose it
really did not exist.
781
01:08:13,720 --> 01:08:15,320
(speaking German)
782
01:08:17,640 --> 01:08:21,400
Well, in my view this whole Jewish
question was stirred up by Goebbels.
783
01:08:21,480 --> 01:08:24,440
At that time
I was with my wife in Munich.
784
01:08:26,800 --> 01:08:28,680
In the morning as I got to the office,
785
01:08:28,760 --> 01:08:31,560
I saw that the windows
had been smashed in and I said,
786
01:08:31,640 --> 01:08:35,520
“This really is too much.
Why do they do such things?”
787
01:08:35,600 --> 01:08:38,600
“It really isn't necessary.
We'll have to pay for it all.”
788
01:08:38,680 --> 01:08:40,880
That's what I said.
789
01:08:40,960 --> 01:08:43,840
You see, I think,
as far as the Jewish problems went,
790
01:08:43,920 --> 01:08:47,560
that they should in any case have been
removed from official positions.
791
01:08:47,640 --> 01:08:50,160
The civil servants and so on,
but otherwise…
792
01:08:50,240 --> 01:08:53,200
And then there was that plan
to send them to…
793
01:08:53,280 --> 01:08:57,200
What do you call that French island?
Madagascar. You know.
794
01:08:57,280 --> 01:08:58,680
But then nothing came of it.
795
01:08:58,760 --> 01:09:00,960
That would have been
the right thing to do,
796
01:09:01,040 --> 01:09:03,440
to resettle the people over there.
797
01:09:05,120 --> 01:09:09,240
I had nothing to do with the Jews and
so on in that way, not the slightest.
798
01:09:09,320 --> 01:09:11,320
I condemned it, you know.
799
01:09:12,600 --> 01:09:16,080
I didn't agree with it
because it wasn't right, you know.
800
01:09:19,240 --> 01:09:21,760
But this scoundrel Goebbels,
it was his doing.
801
01:09:21,840 --> 01:09:24,320
The Führer didn't agree with it either,
you know,
802
01:09:24,400 --> 01:09:27,520
but he couldn't do anything,
he had to go along with Goebbels.
803
01:09:27,600 --> 01:09:29,480
In practical terms that's how it was.
804
01:09:29,560 --> 01:09:31,920
I remember that my brother-in-law,
805
01:09:32,000 --> 01:09:34,440
the husband of my sister Lena,
806
01:09:34,520 --> 01:09:40,200
when he went in the morning
after the Reichskristallnacht,
807
01:09:40,280 --> 01:09:42,920
Crystal Night or how you say,
808
01:09:43,960 --> 01:09:46,560
he went by train
to his office downtown
809
01:09:46,640 --> 01:09:50,240
and between the stations
of Savignyplatz and Zoological Garden
810
01:09:50,320 --> 01:09:52,240
there is the Jewish synagogue
811
01:09:52,320 --> 01:09:55,360
and he saw that it was burning.
812
01:09:55,440 --> 01:09:58,360
And he murmured, “Kulturschande.”
813
01:09:58,440 --> 01:10:03,400
That is, “Insult to our culture.”
“Shame to our culture.”
814
01:10:03,480 --> 01:10:07,680
Well, right away a gentleman
in front of him turned his Revers
815
01:10:07,760 --> 01:10:12,720
and showed his Parteiabzeichen—
party badge, ja?
816
01:10:12,800 --> 01:10:17,000
And took out his papers
that he was a man of the Gestapo.
817
01:10:18,120 --> 01:10:23,080
And he had to show his papers,
to give his address
818
01:10:23,160 --> 01:10:27,720
and was ordered to come to the party
office next morning, nine o'clock.
819
01:10:29,160 --> 01:10:31,800
When my brother-in-law
came home in the evening,
820
01:10:31,880 --> 01:10:35,840
he told my sister what had happened
and she said,
821
01:10:35,920 --> 01:10:38,680
“Couldn't you keep your mouth?
What will happen now?”
822
01:10:38,760 --> 01:10:43,160
“They will take you in a concentration
camp and we will be rid of you.”
823
01:10:45,400 --> 01:10:47,640
All of us were very excited
824
01:10:47,720 --> 01:10:51,160
and next morning
he had to go to the party
825
01:10:51,240 --> 01:10:54,760
and he was investigated
about what he had meant
826
01:10:54,840 --> 01:10:58,120
and he tried to sich herausreden…
827
01:10:58,200 --> 01:10:59,840
I don't know how…
828
01:10:59,920 --> 01:11:03,520
Herausreden,
to talk himself out of it.
829
01:11:05,280 --> 01:11:10,280
And the result was
that his punishment was
830
01:11:10,360 --> 01:11:15,040
that he had to arrange
and to distribute
831
01:11:15,120 --> 01:11:19,840
the ration cards for the area,
832
01:11:19,920 --> 01:11:23,080
beginning of each month,
833
01:11:23,160 --> 01:11:25,720
for years, until the end of the war.
834
01:11:25,800 --> 01:11:29,360
That was in '38, yes?
835
01:11:30,400 --> 01:11:32,920
So each end of the month
836
01:11:33,000 --> 01:11:37,000
the family had to arrange the cards
for heavy working people,
837
01:11:37,080 --> 01:11:40,240
for men, for women,
for children, for little children
838
01:11:40,320 --> 01:11:42,120
and all these special cards.
839
01:11:42,200 --> 01:11:44,880
They had to arrange at home
840
01:11:44,960 --> 01:11:47,720
and then he had to go,
he had to go alone to do it,
841
01:11:47,800 --> 01:11:51,400
he was not permitted
to have the help of his children.
842
01:11:51,480 --> 01:11:54,280
He had to do it alone. For years.
843
01:11:54,360 --> 01:11:58,560
They observed him and he couldn't risk
arranging any help for him.
844
01:11:59,160 --> 01:12:03,040
That was the way
they broke the back of the people.
845
01:12:04,000 --> 01:12:06,280
(narrator) March 1939.
846
01:12:06,360 --> 01:12:08,360
Hitler sent his troops into Prague,
847
01:12:08,440 --> 01:12:11,240
capital of what remained
of Czechoslovakia.
848
01:12:12,760 --> 01:12:15,560
He blotted the nation from the map.
849
01:12:15,640 --> 01:12:18,240
It became a German protectorate.
850
01:12:20,120 --> 01:12:25,480
The Wehrmacht was in a foreign
country, unasked, unwanted.
851
01:12:26,320 --> 01:12:30,720
For the first time in a generation
Germans were invaders,
852
01:12:30,800 --> 01:12:33,120
their troops an occupying force.
853
01:12:34,720 --> 01:12:37,120
Not a shot had been fired.
854
01:12:39,080 --> 01:12:43,720
We were in a rather optimistic view
after the first six years
855
01:12:43,800 --> 01:12:47,960
because everything succeeded
as we thought it should succeed
856
01:12:48,040 --> 01:12:53,280
and there was no war
when we entered the Rhineland,
857
01:12:53,360 --> 01:12:55,520
there was no war
when we entered Austria,
858
01:12:55,600 --> 01:12:58,080
there was no war
when we entered Sudetenland,
859
01:12:58,160 --> 01:13:04,080
so there was hardly a reason
860
01:13:04,160 --> 01:13:08,320
why war should come upon us.
861
01:13:08,400 --> 01:13:10,400
(bell clanging)
862
01:13:18,880 --> 01:13:23,480
(narrator) A bold leader.
A unified nation.
863
01:13:23,560 --> 01:13:28,080
A Germany at peace
in a peaceful Europe.
864
01:13:28,160 --> 01:13:30,000
(singing)